Gauge is funky because it’s like an inverse measurement. The larger the value, the smaller the item. As /u/TheJeeronian stated, for shotguns, it’s “how many of X would you need for Y”. If you needed 12, then those are going to be larger than if you needed 18, but smaller than if you only needed 8.
This applies to holes and diameter of wiring fitting into holes. The higher the value of the wire, the thinner it is…because you’d need more wires to fit into X fixed amount of space.
Therefore, 12 gauge of one thing is different than 12 gauge of another, because the fixed measurement (1 pound of lead, 1 inch, etc) changes per application of the measurement.
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