Difficultly. This whole field of map data is called “GIS” (Geographic information system) and it comes from all sorts of sources.
For most roads, they get survey data. The people who planned and built the road have an idea of where they wanted it and where they put it. Sometimes the two are even the same.
For tree-covered areas where satellite sources won’t work, they could also drive car through it (or your car, since you’re carrying a google phone and it’s phoning home) and record the GPS data.
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