How does my device know how much battery it has left?
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One way is to measure the voltage of the battery. For example, a certain battery/device might have an operating range of 3.5-4.5 V. If the voltage measures 4.0 V, then it has about half charge left to be able to power the device.
You can measure the voltage of the battery to get its charge. As the battery is discharged the voltage it can deliver is reduced. For example a full alkaline battery is able to deliver 1.6V but this is reduced to 1.1V when it is depleted. By measuring the voltage and looking it up in a table describing the characteristics of the battery the device is able to calculate how much battery charge there is left.
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