the internet cables you use at home are different from the ones used in datacenters. copper wires can be very fast, for example the different components inside your computer communicate via copper wires. its just much harder to achieve that over long distances with copper wires.
caching on a network is just a computer build for that purpose, its not that different from whats in your phone or laptop, its all copper and silicone transistors where the signal passes through. its just that those things can be blazingly fast. usually these servers clusters that do this are called the content delivery network, or CDN for short. they have clusters of those servers all over the world where it is needed, and distribute new content slowly to all those CDN’s from a central server. usually CDN’s aren’t build for a single site or company.
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