How does networking work? How are things accessed at higher speeds than they are being uploaded?

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For example. Fiber. What makes someone able to host a fiber connection. Is everything accesible at fiber speeds undoubtedly connected via fiber connection somwhere along the line? When accessing a website hosted on a non fiber connection, do networks pull cached versions for faster results?

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> What makes someone able to host a fiber connection

Having a physical fibre cable to their building/office/home(there is fiber to the street, building and home, dependig where your cable ends).

> Is everything accesible at fiber speeds undoubtedly connected via fiber connection somwhere along the line?

Im not sure what fiber speeds are supposed to be, i would guess it just means “fast” i dont think i means actualy using optic glass fibre cables.
Your local router uses copper(phone) lines or newer fiber cables to connect to the “backbone” of the internet, these are giant cables that are mostly made out of fiber but can be copper too.(the big transatlantic cables you might have seen are fiber).
The connection speed between two computers is allways the slowest speed of any node between them, aka a bottleneck.

> When accessing a website hosted on a non fiber connection, do networks pull cached versions for faster results?

Not per default, big platforms use CDNs(content delivery networks, just thousands of webservers all over the planet) to cache and distribute their content to have faster loading times.

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