The actual cause of the placebo/nocebo (Placebo is positive and nocebo is negative) effects really aren’t that well understood. That being said they are absolutely real and have been studied heavily with experimental results that are consistent and get used actively in medicine. One of the most relatable instance for most people would be when getting an injection of any sort. They always tell you it doesn’t hurt because when they do is actually hurts less and they’ve also shown in nocebo studies that if they tell you it’ll hurt a lot it hurts more.
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