How does scientists know earth has a solid core surrounded by mantle when we have never dug so deep? How do that happens when IMO 12 km is the deepest we have dug?
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Just echoing that scientists use earthquakes to determine the earth’s structure. Waves travel through different materials at certain speeds. Additionally, there are two kinds of earthquake waves, one of which does not travel through the earth’s core.
More info than you probably need, but figure 7.4 should help you visualize. [https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-floor/layers-earth/compare-contrast-connect-seismic-waves-and-determining-earth-s-structure](https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/ocean-floor/layers-earth/compare-contrast-connect-seismic-waves-and-determining-earth-s-structure)
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