The common Ean code os on produced products in the store has a 13-digit numeric code, the last one is a check sum so 12 are used to identify the prodct. It is managed by the international standard organization GS1. You can see them https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GS1_country_codes
The first 3 digits are a country code each block has 9 digits which is 1 billion unique numbers. One or more id give to a county where a local organization manages it.
Let’s say the local transition gives them in blocks of 1000 number, that means there are 1 million blocks like that per country code.
The company has got a block with 1000 codes or if you like 3 digits that they can change. They have to manage the last part themselves so they only use it on one product.
It this example the first 10 digits for the company produce will have the same number. next 3 is for the produce and the las is a checksum that is calculated from the first 13.
Exactly how a national organization give out block, and their size depend on the country. A single company can have multiple blocks given to the
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