People mentioning barcode standards like UPC have part of the answer. The rest of the answer is the GS1 international standards body. Part of the GS1 standard is that part of each UPC number is the manufacturer prefix. For instance, a random iPhone I searched has a UPC-A code of 1 90199 22067 6. The company code for Apple is 0190199. So no one else but Apple will have this exact UPC number, and Apple would (presumably) only assign this exact number to a particular iPhone model.
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