They’re all just specially designed radios, transmitting and recieivng just like walkie talkies, except using digital encoding (ones and zeros processed by computer chips) to send stuff other than voices. The key is that the transmitters can be very low power, as long as the receivers are sensitive enough, and it works because when the receivers can ignore all the signals (even on the same channel/frequency) except for the particular kind (encoding) they’re looking for, they can be extremely sensitive.
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