How exactly does “turning it off and on again” fix such a wide variety of different tech problems?
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It’s sort of important to make the distinction between restarting a machine and physically unplugging / replugging it (known as power-cycling). Both can solve various problems which have been mentioned in the comments already.
For example, some Apple computers suffer from a bug where if certain USB devices are ejected (some USB hard drives, etc) the power delivery circuitry for that USB port may be turned off and may not be turned on again if you plug in another USB drive to the same port. But if you restart the computer the USB ports will reset and start sending power again.
Power-cycling can help by clearing corrupt data from a machine’s memory. The reason you must wait 10-30 seconds or however long is because it takes some time for electrical components such as capacitors to fully discharge. You can see this in action when you unplug some laptop power supplies and their power status lights remain lit for several seconds after the power is unplugged. If you don’t wait long enough and the capacitors haven’t fully discharged then you may simply be performing a hard reboot rather than a proper power-cycle.
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