Anything with enough mass and speed that hit the earth, lets say the one that took out the dinosaurs, it incinerates everything for hundreds of miles and spread huge rocky debris that’d fall out of the sky and kill stuff. It also created a pressure wave and tsunami. Those are the easy ones.
The rest is that it kicked enough debris that the cloud of it burning up in the atmosphere would increase the global temperature significantly, light more on fire potentially, all the fires would pour smoke into the atmosphere, and the impact is believed to have kick started volcano activity that further added to the climate catastrophe.
All this combines to destroy ecosystems world wide.
It’s not “just” the impact, but the many years of aftermath events it causes that do the majority of the work ruining the planet.
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