Every dose will kill a certain percentage of the bacteria, so the longer you take it, the fewer there are. If you take the full course, it should be enough to kill a large enough percentage of the bacteria that your body (immune system) can easily finish the job.
A few of the bacteria may develop resistance to the drug, but not many and your body will take care of them. However, if you don’t knock down the infection enough, you risk that the antibiotic resistant ones multiply. Then you end up with an infection that won’t be knocked down by antibiotics, and if your body can’t keep up with it and kill it, it might kill you.
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