If a player is under contract to one club, another club can buy the right to acquire them. This is a transfer fee. That money goes from one club to the other club. Then the player and the new club still have to negotiate a contract and come to terms.
It’s literally buying and selling players. A lot of clubs develop players and sell them to better clubs at a profit to stay viable in the lower leagues where the tv deals aren’t as lucrative. That money helps to fund their operation in addition to tickets and merch sales.
However, if a team doesn’t want to lose the player, the can refuse a transfer fee offer and then the player isn’t allowed to negotiate with another team until their contract ends (technically they can start negotiating in the last 6 months of their contract if they are not extended by the first club).
If a player doesn’t want to switch teams, even if their club accepts a transfer offer, they simply have to refuse to sign a contract with the new team. Then nothing happens. They stay where they are on the current contract.
If the club really wants that player gone, their only option is to cancel their contract which would make the player a free agent, and the club loses them and gets no money in return.
That”s how transfers have to be agreeable to everyone involved.
The player has to be okay with changing teams.
The first club has to get an acceptable amount of compensation for losing their player.
The second club has to feel like the player they’re acquiring is worth the money that they have to spend to get them.
Transfer negotiations can happen at any time, but players can only actually move from team to team during the two transfer windows each year (winter and summer).
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