If you burn fuel perfectly, then the only output you get is water and carbon dioxide, which are totally harmless to life (except as a greenhouse gas). But fuel never burns perfectly, and some engines are better than others at achieving it. It’s all the other stuff that gets created that is toxic – carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, unburnt fuel, formaldehyde, benzine, and a million other harmful things that are produced in uncontrolled reactions.
Modern car engines are quite good at burning fuel properly, and the exhaust passes through something called a catalytic converter, which is designed to cause harmful substances to react into less harmful ones. As a result, car exhaust is relatively quite “clean” as long as it is working properly. In contrast, the small two-stroke engines used by things like leafblowers and lawnmowers are very very dirty, and launch all kinds of nasty stuff into the air.
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