MAD has obviously changed everything. There’s no such thing as a total war when every major power has city busting weapons it can deploy within an hour, and so do a lot of minor ones.
A lot of why places like Iraq and Afghanistan are theaters of war is because smaller governments will need powerful allies and patron states who can give them resources and security in one form or another, but another major power can still overwhelm those powers with a directed offensive, and without a strong defense pact their patron may just abandon them to it.
The U.S. solution to this dynamic is to just spread military bases across western Europe, Japan, Korea, ect. so that if anyone tries anything on *their* allies, they’ll have the full might of the U.S. military within hours after them. Russia’s CSTO theoretically is the same thing on a smaller scale, but has been proven to be less effective as of late. China theoretically doesn’t have a large defensive bloc but still has deep ties to nations like Pakistan that have lasted for decades now. Either way the military theory is that if you present the overwhelming force of a major nuclear power power allied with several smaller ones(A large portion of which contain nuclear arms) nobody will attempt war to begin with due to the obvious disastrous consequences.
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