Our bodies adapt to how we use them. They are resilient and amazing.
Joints are made up of bone, cartilage, and muscle. As long as we get used to new activities slowly and build up over time, bones get stronger, cartilage gets more resilient to load, and muscles get stronger. All of these protect us.
Joints wear over time due to age; this is normal. Being strong protects us from the negative effects of this.
To add on what some other people are saying, many professional athletes have adopted techniques which minimize the impact. Running is the best example. If you do it wrong (landing on your heels), then you’re going to destroy your knees and hips in no time. If you land on the balls of your feet with your knees slightly bent then your ankles act like a spring and absorb much of the impact. Of course damage will still be done over time, but not nearly as quickly.
Basically the way you exercise has a massive effect on how much and how quickly you’re damaging your body
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