Light goes through a lens which concentrates it onto a small light-sensitive area at the back of the camera–in old cameras that was a chemically treated photographic film, nowadays it’s more likely to be an electronic sensor. There’s a shutter in front of the light-sensitive film which opens (briefly) when you press the button, allowing the light to reach it and imprint the image onto it, or the sensor is switched on briefly on electronic ones to have the same effect.
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