It does require a lot of sand and soil, but we have equipment that can move a lot of sand and soil.
First, making an artificial island of any significant size is only possible in shallow waters. And shallow means in the tens of meters typically. Very often, the process starts with building some kind of barrier that will hold the soil and sand more or less in place during filling. This barrier might be something like piles driven into the sea floor (like a ring). Then barges filled with sand and soil start to fill up that ring.
Sometimes, that material can be dredged from somewhere nearby or sometimes it is carried from some land nearby. It will of course change the landscape but it very likely not to be very noticeable since we don’t tend to realize how MUCH land we really have (unless we live on a small island)
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