An audio signal is an electrical representation of sound waves. When you speak into a microphone or play an instrument, the sound waves are converted into an electrical signal by a device called a transducer. This signal is then sent to an amplifier, which increases its power so that it can drive a speaker or headphones and produce sound.
The electrical signal is carried through electricity in the form of a varying voltage or current. The voltage or current changes in response to the sound waves being picked up by the microphone or instrument. These changes in voltage or current are called the audio signal.
The positive and negative movement of the speaker cone is controlled by the audio signal. When the voltage or current is positive, the speaker cone moves forward, creating a compression in the air that produces sound. When the voltage or current is negative, the speaker cone moves backward, creating a rarefaction in the air that produces sound. This movement of the speaker cone is what produces the sound that we hear.
Tl:DR speakers are an electromagnet that pulls a diaphragm that vibrates the air to make sound. By adjusting how fast you send pulses, you change the pitch. They can do this very fast.
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