As other said it’s math, but it’s also having ways to accurately know where the target is. Forward observers call the targets (now things like drones and uavs do also). They have known reference points they can used to quickly get a fix on something. In some cases it can be land marks or even just points on a map. Say location called X5 is the town water tower, and there is a tank 100 meters west and 20 meters south of X5. The drone operator or FO calls in the strike 100 west and 20 south of X5. This gives the input for the math, and makes it very fast. They can then dial it in from there (10 meters south from the first shot, etc.).
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