Im not sure this is what you are looking for, but basically, your brain makes it up. At some point in evolution, there was an advantage gained if your brain created a different sensation to differentiate two different vibrations in air. I dont think scientists know how your brain does this, but we do know how the data gets to the brain: there are structures in your ear (a hammer and a drum if your are five 🙂 that cause different electrical impulses to travel in a nerve when different vibrations are experienced.
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