EDIT: Thank you all for your kind yet informative responses!
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Everything is moving, and steady motion feels like it’s motionless, so we only feel changes in motion.
In other words it’s changes in motion that affect us, not merely motion itself. Usually we’d feel any sudden change in motion if the change is substantial enough.
Earth itself is moving over 100,000 miles per hour around the sun. Our entire solar system with sun and Earth are moving about 4 times faster than that (over 400,000 miles per hour) around our galaxy. We don’t feel those because that motion is might change only slowly, so its fairly steady.
Astronauts feel more during takeoff and rocketing into space because of the sudden changes in speed, than they later feel coasting at a more steady speed in orbit around Earth.
Edits: clarified and elaborated bits
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