As far as I know, they are not dug underground and are most of the time exposed on land and harsh weather in remote locations, and they are obviously not guarded 24/7, so anyone can come close and damage them if they want to. If the damage occurs on both sea and land, how do the authorities know when and where it happened, if they stretch for thousands of miles? Or do they never get damaged at all?
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There are small sensors placed at regular intervals which will measure the pressure and the flow rate in the gas pipeline. If there is damage to a pipeline then these sensors will pick it up. It will be pretty obvious which two sensors the leak is between however by measuring the exact pressure at different flow rates it is possible to calculate an estimate for exactly where the leak is and how big it is. Repair crews are then sent out to the spot where they think the damage have occurred and they will be able to better locate the leak. They might for example carry sensors which “smell” the gas which tell them if they are getting closer or further away.
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