Seems like you already understood how each singular logic gate works. Well, some really smart people figured out that when you chain a bunch of logic gates together, you can do math with them.
[Here](https://www.instructables.com/2-Bit-Adder-Binary-and-Decimal-Calculator) for example is a basic science project that lets you add 2 two digit binary numbers together. You input the numbers by either sending a signal or not onto the input nodes (signal = 1, no signal = 0), and it will output in a similar fashion the sum of two numbers in binary. Expanding on that concept, people eventually figure out how to [add two 4 bits numbers](https://www.instructables.com/4-Bit-Binary-Adder-1/?amp_page=true), two 8 bits numbers; then subtraction, multiplication, etc.
Our modern phones and computers are essentially built on top of these, just way, way more complicated; but the process is practically the same. Inputs go in as binaries, a string of 0 (no signal) and 1 (signal) into a bunch of nodes, run through a vast number of logic gates, and the result is spit out as a string of binaries. Every action, every process done on a computer is just binaries being sent through a bunch of logic gates.
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