If you want to find out the details, this course covers it: https://www.coursera.org/learn/audio-signal-processing (free)
It’s one of the last modules, so you will need to work your way through the FT, STFT, Harmonic model, etc. to get the technical knowledge to really understand audio feature extraction.
I’ve done this course myself and it’s very good, if you like mathematics and audio signal processing.
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