The batteries mostly don’t control anything, its just that current flowing is a necessary component of the reaction.
If no current can flow, no reaction happens, of a lot of current can flow the battery will react faster, up to a point.
If more current can flow than the battery can provide, it will reach its limit and the voltage will plummit.
This is mostly an automatic process, the battery always “wants” to react, but can’t always, we just control the path and resistance the current needs to flow.
The reactions happen, electrons or lack of them build up charge at the terminals, creating a potential.
If the circuit isn’t complete, the potentials build up against the reactions so it stops. When the circuit is complete by turning the phone on, the potential drives the phone and the electrons flow through the circuit, the potential decreases so new chemicals fill in to sustain the reaction and the potential, until they almost run out and the potential drops, the phone shuts off.
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