When you fly into somewhere like San Diego or New York, you fly right over the city and are basically directly next to skyscrapers. But when you fly into somewhere like Austin or New Orleans, you’re flying over flatlands. How do pilots know clearance for certain areas, does ground control tell them how best to land or does that not matter?
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We have VFR charts that have almost everything that sticks out of the ground listed on them. For populated areas is 1000 ft above and 2000ft horizontally. For other areas is 500ft away from the tallest building or person.
If you wanna look at these charts, here’s a good website for it. https://skyvector.com/
As you move into IFR/Cloud flying, different clearances apply and there are ground based navigational aids as well as GPS to help. Even ATC has radar and minimum altitudes to vector planes around at to ensure no one hits anything.
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