Sound travels in a compression wave through matter. It travels faster, and farther through denser matter. i.e. Liquids, and solids, than it does through the air. This is why in the ocean, whales’ calls can be heard hundreds of kilometers away. Also, the low frequencies of these sounds have longer wavelengths, furthering the distance the sound waves can travel.
This being said, in a house, low frequencies are primarily carried through the wall, with the high frequencies more muffled and attenuated. A glass cup is less dense than the wall with a higher natural resonance, and is more prone to carry *high* frequencies. The cup touches the solid wall, you put your ear up to the cup, and you can hear the high and low frequencies of the conversation, thus making it sound clearer than just the lows on their own.
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