Easy, the supermarket doesn’t.
An organization named GS1 manages all the UPC barcodes and when you need one you apply for one and they assign it to you. Their job is to make sure everyone has a unique barcode.
Obviously if you’ve got people using non-GS1 barcodes you run into issues, but since that’d be a bad thing pretty much all the various industries that make consumer goods have gone with GS1. And, note, that’s worldwide. A UPC barcode in the US should correspond to exactly the same product in Japan.
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