Slightly off topic, but the history of barcodes is pretty cool. Started as a way to track train cars coming through a station that worked no matter how fast the trains were moving, then Piggly Wiggly used it to standardize pricing and created a model where shoppers can browse for themselves instead of asking a clerk behind a counter for everything.
Why would you need to know if a grocery item is unique? Unique means individual item, not a certain type of thing (THIS box of Fruity Pebbles, not A box of Fruity Pebbles). You just need to know what thing it is. Amazon does unique items (typically something that was returned and graded) but there’s zero reason to do that for a grocery store.
And you answered the question with your first sentence. Barcodes come from the manufacturer. Standards exist, so the manufacturer tells the distributor what’s what.
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