The solar eclipse is literally just the moon passing in front of the Sun. The moon revolves around the Earth at an extremely predictable rate that we know to a very high degree of precision. After that, it’s just a question of doing the math of when that highly predictable orbit will put the moon directly in front of the Sun. This happens every 1-3 years for the record, the eclipse is just usually over empty ocean because the surface of our planet is mostly empty ocean.
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