1. The mic has a pickup pattern that is only right in front of it about a fist away from the mic that helps cut down on background noise
2. There are little tricks and hardware like the artist being careful with the mic and having padding on the stand and stuff like that
3. They put “filters” on it. Human voice ranges from about 300-3000Hz so you can get rid of stuff outside of that. Any decently sized artist will also have people that can narrow it down further and basically know what ranges they will sing in. This prevents any super high pitched ringing or low pitched thumping. It doesn’t take the sound all the way out usually but it will dampen it a lot
4. They use ai. If you even use discord to talk you might have noticed this but ai can very easily take out any unexpected and very loud sound. It’ll see a giant spike and try and do a good job of taking that sound out but keeping the voice as in tact as possible. It’s more complicated than that but that’s the basic idea
5. There’s someone working on the sound board that can react to some things. If you ever see a fan on stage you might notice for their first syllable or two they peak the mic. A compressor will catch some of this right away but it might distort the sound so the techs will turn it down and adjust. If the person is about to put the mic away and not use it again for a sec they can just turn it down. There’s a lot more tools they have than just turning it up and down but that’s the basics
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