ELI5-ish, but less exactly how it is and more analogous:
Imagine you’re trying to run around your backyard while breathing through a straw because that was the only quick solution your parents (the government and carmakers) could come up with at the time to keep you from over-exerting yourself.
Eventually, your parents figured out better methods as technology progressed and you could breathe as normal.
The malaise era engines had awful compression ratios which didn’t allow them to extract all that much energy from the gas.
As a side note, the engines also were “large” in the sense of quite ample displacement, but with certain manufacturers, such as GM, the over physical size of the engine was quite small relative to their displacement.
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