Hammer and chisel basically. They had specialized tools to split big rocks in a controlled way and then chiseled them into shape.
It was a huge amount of work done by hundreds of skilled specialists. Building a whole fortress was extremely expensive and took years to sometimes decades.
The knowledge of the masons was considered so valuable that they kept a lot of the details secret. Archaeologists now have to experimentally figure out how large scale construction projects worked back then.
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