Mathematics can often be broken down into a bunch of simple rules. If you followed these rules slowly and methodically, you could solve all of the same problems that a calculator can. Simple things you probably haven’t thought about in decades, like how you add the smallest digit and carry a 1.
Calculators are given these rules and follow each simple little step, one by one. Because electricity is very fast, they can do each step in a millionth or billionth of a second.
So by the time you notice any time has passed, the calculator has finished doing its thing.
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