It’s kinda like Southern California
Unbelievably huge population along the coast with cities like LA. Then you cross some mountains and are in a desert. There are some towns along the eastern side of the mountains, but they are mostly in the foothills and stay as close to LA as possible. If you get too far NorthEast you end up in Death Valley where the average daytime temperature is above 100°F (~40°C) from May to September.
LA wouldn’t have the land and population problem it does if they were able to expand to the other side of that first mountain range, but the desert ranges from barely habitable to openly hostile.
If you look at Google Maps, the green bits around the edges are forested coast land that are comfortable to live in. The rest is desert. They even have their own “death valley”, an area of Western Australia named the Pillbara. Just like Death Valley, summer temperatures are normally over ~100°F (40°C). Very few people want to live in these conditions, so the few towns not along the coast are tiny.
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