It’s kinda like Southern California
Unbelievably huge population along the coast with cities like LA. Then you cross some mountains and are in a desert. There are some towns along the eastern side of the mountains, but they are mostly in the foothills and stay as close to LA as possible. If you get too far NorthEast you end up in Death Valley where the average daytime temperature is above 100°F (~40°C) from May to September.
LA wouldn’t have the land and population problem it does if they were able to expand to the other side of that first mountain range, but the desert ranges from barely habitable to openly hostile.
If you look at Google Maps, the green bits around the edges are forested coast land that are comfortable to live in. The rest is desert. They even have their own “death valley”, an area of Western Australia named the Pillbara. Just like Death Valley, summer temperatures are normally over ~100°F (40°C). Very few people want to live in these conditions, so the few towns not along the coast are tiny.
I’m not really sure what you mean by a generous immigration attitude? It’s actually really difficult to fully immigrate to Australia. Temporarily staying is one thing but permanent resident immigration to Australia is very difficult. Between that and a high COL, it’s no wonder the population is low.
If people want to immigrate, they want to also live in the populated areas of the country.
The people, and the infrastructure define a country. If you wanted to live on some uninhabited inhospitable piece of land, you could do that were you originally lived.
And most countries have undeveloped land left over. But people want to live in the population centers.
Australia allows (legally) roughly 12000 immigrants per year. It fluctuates. That’s about .05% of current population. Compare that to the US which is approximately .3% of current population. By the numbers, it is 6 times harder to immigrate to Australia than the US. This is in no way a judgement on either country. Just a comparison. Countries around the world have wildly varying rates of immigration.
Take Germany for example: their immigration rate is well over 1.4%. (Almost 5 times higher than the US). However, there are approximately 1million Germans that emigrate out every year.
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