I know space junk can fall to earth but does it ever go the other way and fly off into deep space?
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The media misleads you when they say the astronauts in orbit are weightless. Technically they are weightless (if you put a scale under them it would show zero), but they are not massless, and are experiencing almost the exact same pull of gravity as their earthbound brethren. They are weightless only because they are in a state of perpetual freefall. They’re going so fast in a horizontal (relative to Earth) direction that they constantly miss hitting the ground in their fall.
To increase the height of your orbit you don’t use a rocket on the bottom of you spacecraft to lift you higher–you use the rocket at the back to increase your horizontal speed. You can throw an object in any direction you want in orbit, but all you’ll do is change the orbital path slightly–change the eccentricity slightly. You will not be able to do much since you are unable to produce anything other than a negligible change in kinetic energy.
A baseball on the ISS is going about 7800 m/s (7.8 km/s). A major league pitcher can throw it about 40 m/s. 7800 m/s is approximately equal to (7800 – 40) m/s.
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