Going from HDMI 1.4 to 2.1 there is a 5x increase is bandwidth. Is it because the cables themselves were never the issue but it was the connectors/chips in the devices themselves that couldn’t handle it?
I know part of it is the actual quality of the cables themselves and tighter tolerances, more twists in the wires, material purity, etc. but I can’t imagine that alone would be enough to fully account for this.
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HDMI uses digital signaling which is essentially switching between high and low voltage very quickly in certain patterns to resent things like..which color and how bright a pixel is.
All wires have properties like impedance and capacitance and the impact those properties have on a signal increases the longer the cable is and the higher the frequency of the signal is.
Impedance causes the signal level drop and capacitance causes the transitions between high and low to slow down and smooth out instead of being sharp. If these problems get bad enough the receiving circuit can’t make sense of the signal anymore.
So if we want to increase the amount of data an HDMI cable can carry, we need to increase the frequency that we send the signal (more data per second) but if we do that we’ll run into these issues.
So in order to make faster HDMI cables we need to make higher quality cables that have lower impedance and lower capacitance.
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