This actually has a pretty technical answer to it, but the short of it is, it’s a technique that apple uses to protect the security of the platform.
Apple has parts of their operating system that cannot be patched. This is to prevent unauthorized applications from patching/adjusting those components. But they still need to deploy fixes, which in this case is managed by updating the entire package (hence a 4GB ‘update’).
There are other approaches that could be taken as well, but they have trade offs and going into those kind of breaks out of an ELI5 explanation.
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