Over time, your neurons counteract the effects of caffeine exposure by producing more adenosine receptors. With more receptors, your neurons become more sensitive to low levels of adenosine. This leads you to need more caffeine to feel its effects, and some caffeine to feel “normal.”
[source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1888264/)
You are very much on the right track already. Adenosine can be thought of as a metabolic product that builds up over the day as a result of your brain’s normal functioning. ***But there is always some around***. As you correctly suggest, binding of Adenosine to Adenosine receptors is in part responsible for feeling tired and sleepy. Caffeine can bind to the adenosine receptor first (without actually activating it – like putting glue in a keyhole), and it prevents adenosine from binding, which prevents you from experiencing those signals of feeling tired.Further, sometimes, an antagonist like caffeine can remove adenosine ***already bound to a receptor*** as well. This effect can promote wakefulness by terminating adenosine’s suppressing effects quickly.
Over time, your neurons counteract the effects of caffeine exposure by producing more adenosine receptors. With more receptors, your neurons become more sensitive to low levels of adenosine. This leads you to need more caffeine to feel its effects, and some caffeine to feel “normal.”
[source](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1888264/)
You are very much on the right track already. Adenosine can be thought of as a metabolic product that builds up over the day as a result of your brain’s normal functioning. ***But there is always some around***. As you correctly suggest, binding of Adenosine to Adenosine receptors is in part responsible for feeling tired and sleepy. Caffeine can bind to the adenosine receptor first (without actually activating it – like putting glue in a keyhole), and it prevents adenosine from binding, which prevents you from experiencing those signals of feeling tired.Further, sometimes, an antagonist like caffeine can remove adenosine ***already bound to a receptor*** as well. This effect can promote wakefulness by terminating adenosine’s suppressing effects quickly.
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