If modern humans came out of Africa 300,000 years ago, how did everyone who isn’t black get their skin colours?
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Random mutation. One day a kid was born with light skin, they were able to take in sunlight and vitamin D more efficiently in their environment. In Africa we needed dark skin because it helpd stop solar radiation from giving us cancer, but in Europe it stopped us from getting enough vitamin D. So the people who had lighter skin were stronger and therefore more likely to survive long enough to have kids and pass on their genes. After a few thousand years, give or take, there weren’t anymore people in the population with that dark skin that the population originally had.
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