If we put protection from environment aside on concetrate only on culture than there are 2 major reasoning.
1) Small pox. Every person was covered in scars from small pox. Every third person was covered with poxes which occasionally erupted manure. So full body clothing bacame a way to hide overall skinn unapeal state and increase global hygiene. Small pox is known for more than 4000 years and it bacame particullary nasty from 4 century AC.
2) shame/sex controll. Every major religion tried to monopolize controll over all entertainments including sex. Sexually depraved people were very easy to manipulate and convert into soldiers. Christianity was especially focused on this as it also was an importan counter greek culture.
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