Because dehydration is only part of it. When drinking, you basically poison yourself. The thing is, together with ethanol, you ingest distillation byproducts, such as acetone, methanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde etc. Some of these things are highly toxic. You ingest small amounts, hence you don’t get blind and don’t die, but it is sure enough to give a nasty hangover. You can look up congeners for more info.
Whenever you decide to get shitfaced, opt for pure alcohols with lower congener count for instance vodka and gin. Congeners also give distinct flavours, hence other alcohols are distilled in a way to keep more of them.
And btw, forget the bs you see around the internet, that says sugar in your cocktails has anything to do with this. Human body is extremely effective at processing sugar. Bet you never got a headache from eating all ben& Jerry’s by yourself.
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