There’s various methods that aid identification, but I’d argue that the real method is how armies are set up – with battle lines, with plans, with command and control hierachies etc.
The people behind you and beside you are probably friendly. The people coming at you from in front of you are probably hostile. You’ll hopefully be told beforehand if bad guys are going to show up, and from where. You’ll also be told if a friendly unit is going to turn up at a certain time and thus to not worry about them. You won’t just be told to go to a place and shoot enemies, you’ll be told that e.g. scouts in the field identified an enemy at THIS LOCATION and go shoot that up. If you need to retreat through a place guarded by your friends you’ll radio on ahead and warn them you are coming through.
A lot of the time this is the only information you have to figure that out. For example during WWII radar would just give you blobs for planes, and you just have to try and guess if they are friendly or enemy. For much of history people didn’t even have uniforms. They made do.
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