The two most important parts of war are logistics and communication.
All those box-line-phalynx formations of old were effective because it kept men together and orderly. Once that order breaks down, you lose. You have chaos, and you can’t give orders to scattered men running scared in the wrong direction.
So the answer is, you keep track of your troops and communicate effectively. That way, you can just say, ‘Our guys are over here, so shoot those guys over there.’
My grandfather was in the Pacific in WWII – he ran wire across captured islands for communication. He later worked the rest of his life for Bell Telephone. He never really talked much about the war, but I remember one story he told me. He remembers seeing US Navy ships shelling a beach where there were US soldiers on it. I dont often like to remember that story.
Friendly fire happens but its just not broadcasted too much.
When you are patrolling an area its usually by platoon and the friendlies get on the radio and let everyone know where the platoon is and in which direction they are headed.
Now if you are searching an area you split off into squads and remain in a tight group, either in line behind each other or very close and your splitting off with the intent to meet at a rally point or objective.
So you know 1st squad is to my left and 3rd squad is to my right so don’t be a jackass and shoot left or right because those squads will cover those areas, you just shoot straight ahead.
Basically, there are plans for every possible situation, ambushes, ied’s, snipers, etc. Unfortunately even in combat the ROE’s (rules of engagement) are so stricked that you can’t even shoot unless you see the enemy shoot at you first. You just can’t go all Rambo on the enemy. That’s why they say Cops have an easier time shooting people than Soldiers in combat do.
Now the Ukraine situation is kind of the same but a lot less discipline to tactics so I bet a lot of friendly fire is happening.
Good answers here but here is another that is true even today. In many of the wars, a significant percentage of deaths were from friendly fire. I have seen number for WW2 that maybe 14% of allied deaths were from friendly fire. The numbers even today are high, although I don’t know if they are the same as WW2. So sometimes you don’t know who you are shooting, bombing whatever, and it ends up being your own side. It happens a lot.
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