The real reason the backbground is black is because the exposure time was very, very brief. Microseconds or less. This was done with a [rapatronic camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapatronic_camera) which used an electronic shutter that could take extremely short exposures. It did this without any moving parts.
The bomb is very bright and there simply isn’t enough time in a microsecond for enough sunlight to be exposed on the film to be seen.
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