Waves aren’t caused by water “feeding” anything. Mostly they’re caused by wind, but they can be caused by other things even on Earth (like tectonic plate movements which can cause massive tsunamis).
I believe in the movie this is the planet orbiting really close to a black hole, right? Which has _massive_ gravity, so perhaps that “wave” is actually that planet’s incredibly violent tide.
In real life when a tsunami happens, the tide (even if at full high tide) will generally dissipate very fast. So much so that people who don’t realize a tsunami is coming will actually go closer to the beach sometimes to look at the beach bed because it can be completely exposed. This is of course very dangerous.
But back to your question, my assumption is in the movie the giant wave is happening because of the gravitational force and the reason it’s so shallow is because much of the water is already in the formed wave.
Think about your bath tub. If you were in the bath and you could magically “shape” the water as if it was a slightly more solid substance. If you created a wave at one side of the tub the water level would shrink a great amount at the other side making it quite shallow.
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