I think lithium, the medicine, is usually lithium carbonate. However, when dissolved in water (which is what happens when it goes into your body), it separates out into lithium ions and carbonate ions, of which the lithium ions are the active ingredient, which is why it’s just known as lithium. You would not want to put pure lithium in your body as it reacts violently with water.
A lithium-ion battery contains multiple lithium compounds, which undergo various chemical reactions as the battery charges and discharges. Lithium ions play the starring role, though, so they do have something in common. Obviously you should not eat lithium-ion batteries – this could easily kill you and will not help treat any medical conditions.
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